UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, C and D correctly describe multiple ecosystem services of urban green spaces. Vegetation can reduce heat island effects, enhance air quality, provide habitats and extend greenery through roofs and walls. Statement B is incorrect because urban green spaces are recognised for supporting mental health, recreation and social interaction. Hence the combination that includes A, C and D while excluding B is the correct answer.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it includes only A and C and leaves out statement D. While A and C are true, D is also a correct statement about green roofs and walls contributing to urban greening and climate adaptation. Omitting a true statement makes this option incomplete.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it treats B as correct along with A and C. Statement B wrongly denies the psychological and recreational benefits of green spaces, which are well documented in urban planning and public health literature. Including this false statement invalidates the option.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it groups exactly the three accurate statements A, C and D and excludes the one false statement B. It reflects a rounded understanding of how urban green infrastructure contributes to cooling, air quality and biodiversity as well as innovative building-level greening.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it accepts B, C and D. The presence of B, which incorrectly claims no role of green spaces in mental health and recreation, makes the overall combination wrong even though C and D are true.

Urban green spaces moderate temperatures through shade and evapotranspiration, reducing heat-stress risks. Trees and vegetation can also trap some pollutants and improve local air quality. Parks and green corridors provide recreational areas that support physical and mental health, particularly when they are accessible to all socio-economic groups. As such, they contribute to multiple SDG targets related to health, cities and climate action.

Option A:
This option is incorrect because properly designed green spaces tend to lower, not raise, local temperatures and can help manage stormwater.

Option B:
This option correctly highlights the range of environmental and social benefits associated with urban greening.

Option C:
Urban biodiversity is not something to eliminate entirely; many strategies aim to integrate nature into cities in safe and beneficial ways.

Option D:
Limiting access to green spaces to gated communities reduces equity and contradicts inclusive urban-development goals.

Statements A, B, C and E are correct, linking green spaces with cooling, health, biodiversity and equity. Urban vegetation can moderate microclimates, provide recreational and psychological benefits, host species and, when unevenly distributed, contribute to unequal environmental quality. D is wrong because high-density cities often need deliberate green planning, and F is wrong as community involvement can improve maintenance and safety. Thus, the combination A, B, C and E only is correct.

Option A:
Option A is correct since it includes all the true statements and excludes D and F, which underestimate the importance of planning and community role. It reflects current thinking on green infrastructure and environmental justice in urban areas.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits E, ignoring how unequal access to green spaces can mirror broader socio-spatial inequalities. Without E, the equity dimension of urban greening is not captured.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it groups B, C, E and F and implicitly accepts F, which denies the impact of community participation. This contradicts evidence that engaged communities maintain greener and safer parks.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it accepts D and F as if planning and participation were irrelevant, while excluding B. This option significantly downplays both the need for deliberate green planning and the health benefits of green spaces.