UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Nonresponse bias arises when certain types of individuals are less likely to participate or return questionnaires. If the nonrespondents differ in important ways from respondents on variables of interest, estimates based on the responding sample will be distorted even when probability sampling was used.

Option A:
This option describes an ideal situation of full response, in which nonresponse bias would not occur because everyone participates.

Option B:
This option correctly explains that bias occurs when nonrespondents are systematically different from respondents; their absence skews the results and undermines representativeness.

Option C:
Using simple random sampling helps avoid selection bias at the sampling stage but does not remove the possibility that some selected individuals will refuse or fail to respond.

Option D:
Whether a questionnaire has open or closed items affects the type of data collected, not whether responders and nonresponders differ systematically.