UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Classical Nyāya recognises exactly four independent pramāṇas: perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna) and verbal testimony (śabda). Every other alleged means is either reduced to one of these or rejected as independent.

Option A:
Option A lists perception, inference, comparison and testimony, which is the standard fourfold Nyāya scheme.

Option B:
Option B replaces comparison with memory, but Nyāya treats memory as reproduction of past knowledge, not a fresh pramāṇa.

Option C:
Option C omits inference and adds presumption, which classical Nyāya does not accept as a separate pramāṇa.

Option D:
Option D substitutes non perception for testimony; recognition of non perception as an independent pramāṇa belongs to other schools, not to classical Nyāya.