UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E present the standard Nyaya account of parāmarśa, whereas D is false. Parāmarśa is the key reflective cognition that recognises the hetu in the pakṣa under a universal vyāpti, and only when such a cognition arises does inference yield true knowledge. It explicitly links pakṣa, hetu and sādhya via vyāpti, making it more than just vyāpti itself. UGC NET may ask for this role in the inferential chain, which is why E is also true.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it includes all true statements and excludes D, which mistakenly identifies parāmarśa with vyāpti alone and ignores its connection to the pakṣa. This combination reflects classic Nyaya epistemology and exam-style questions.

Option B:
Option B is incomplete as it omits E, failing to mention that parāmarśa is a topic directly tested in UGC NET Indian logic questions. A, B, C only therefore does not fully answer the question.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it leaves out A, losing the explicit formulation of parāmarśa as the reflection that unites hetu, pakṣa and vyāpti. B, C, E only thus does not present the complete picture.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits B, losing the key Nyaya claim that parāmarśa is required for inferential knowledge. A, C, E only therefore cannot be accepted.