UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C, D and E accurately characterise upādhi as a condition that limits vyāpti, while F is false. The smoke–fire example shows how an apparently universal concomitance can fail if we include pseudo-smoke like fog/steam; adding an upādhi restricts the claim to the relevant kind of smoke used in inference. A genuine upādhi narrows the relation to prevent over-generalisation, and failing to disclose such a condition may make a reason suspect. UGC NET may test awareness of this nuance in Indian logic, so F is incorrect. Hence A, B, C, D and E only is the correct combination.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, overlooking the fact that undisclosed upādhi can make a reason fallacious. Without this connection to hetvābhāsa, the picture of upādhi is less informative. Therefore A, B, C and D only is not fully adequate.

Option B:
Option B is wrong as it leaves out A, failing to define upādhi in general and mentioning only examples and consequences. Without A, students do not get the core idea that upādhi restricts vyāpti. This omission makes the option incomplete.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it includes F, which claims that upādhi is never part of the UGC NET syllabus, contrary to the actual inclusion of Indian logic concepts. Accepting F would mislead candidates about what can be asked. Thus this combination cannot be chosen.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it gathers all true statements, including the conceptual definition, the classic example, the test for genuine conditions and the connection with fallacious reasoning. It excludes only F, which misstates the exam scope.

Statements A, C and D are correct, while B and E are false. Large, well-distributed samples support stronger generalisations, and anecdotes from one or two cases provide weak support for universal claims. Over-generalisation from limited data is a frequent pattern in exam questions, so D is also true. A biased sample cannot be treated as perfectly representative, and inductive support is not judged in the strict valid/invalid sense of deduction, which makes B and E incorrect. Therefore A, C, D only is the correct set.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete as it omits D, ignoring the explicit exam link to over-generalisation that the question mentions. A and C only therefore does not fully respond to the stem.

Option B:
Option B is correct as it groups together all true claims (A, C and D) while excluding B and E, which distort the nature of inductive reasoning. This matches logical reasoning strategies used for UGC NET.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it treats E as true even though inductive generalisations are usually graded by strength, not by the binary valid/invalid scheme. C, D, E only thus misclassifies a false statement as correct.

Option D:
Option D is wrong because it includes B along with A, C and D; however B is false because a biased sample cannot be assumed representative. A, B, C, D only therefore includes an incorrect statement.