UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

The dependent variable represents the effect or outcome that may change as a result of manipulations of the independent variable. It is the main variable of interest whose variation the researcher wishes to explain or predict. Measurements of the dependent variable are compared across groups or conditions to evaluate the impact of the treatment. Thus, the outcome described in the stem is correctly called the dependent variable.

Option A:
The dependent variable is “dependent” in the sense that its values are expected to depend on or be influenced by the independent variable under investigation. In educational experiments, typical dependent variables include achievement scores, attitudes or skills. Because the stem refers to the outcome measured to assess treatment effect, this label is appropriate and correct.

Option B:
A control variable is a factor that the researcher keeps constant to prevent it from confounding the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is not the main outcome of interest.

Option C:
A moderator variable affects the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables, rather than being the primary outcome. It answers questions about for whom or under what conditions the treatment works.

Option D:
A confounding variable is an uncontrolled factor that influences the dependent variable along with the independent variable, making it difficult to interpret causal effects. It is considered a threat rather than the planned outcome.