Downward communication moves from higher to lower positions in the organisational hierarchy. When a head of department gives instructions about exam duties to faculty members,orders flow from superior to subordinates. This fits the definition of downward communication.
Option A:
Upward communication would consist of feedback or reports going from faculty to the head,which is not the direction described.
Option B:
Downward communication is used to convey policies,assignments and performance expectations,all of which are implied in examination duty instructions,making option B correct.
Option C:
Diagonal communication crosses both functional units and levels,such as a dean emailing students in another department,which is not the case here.
Option D:
Informal communication may accompany the instructions but the stem clearly refers to formal duty-related messages.
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