UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Kevalavyatireki anumāna relies purely on negative instances to establish vyāpti. We see that in all cases where the probandum is absent, the middle term is likewise absent. From this consistent absence, the presence of the hetu in a new case is taken to imply the presence of the sādhya. It is thus an absence based counterpart to the purely positive kevalānvayi pattern.

Option A:
Option A describes kevalānvayi, which uses only positive cases and no observed negatives.

Option B:
Option B correctly states that kevalavyatireki is grounded in negative concomitance where every sādhya negative case is also hetu negative.

Option C:
Option C outlines anvayavyatireki, which combines both positive and negative instances to establish vyāpti.

Option D:
Option D shifts attention to scripture; that may provide content for inferences, but it is not what distinguishes kevalavyatireki as a logical pattern.

Kevalavyatireki anumāna is characterised by a pattern where the relation between hetu and sādhya is known primarily through negative concomitance: wherever the sādhya is absent, the hetu is also absent, and the reasoning proceeds using the absence side. Classical discussions often use examples about ultimate reality (like Brahman) where only such negative relations are available. The example in D fits this pattern of relying on absence based reasoning.

Option A:
Option A is a straightforward positive inference that can be treated as anvayavyatireki and does not uniquely illustrate kevalavyatireki.

Option B:
Option B is the knowable–nameable example, which is standardly used for kevalānvayi, relying entirely on positive instances without genuine negative cases.

Option C:
Option C, the smoke–fire hill example, is usually classified as anvayavyatireki because both positive and negative instances are available; it is not the canonical kevalavyatireki illustration.

Option D:
Option D matches the style of examples used in texts for kevalavyatireki, where the emphasis is on negative concomitance in a special metaphysical context.