A deductive argument is one in which, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. In the metals example, the general premise covers all metals, and the second premise identifies copper as a member of that class. The conclusion about copper’s conductivity follows necessarily from these two claims. There is no room for the conclusion to be false if both premises hold, which is the hallmark of deductive reasoning.
Option A:
Option A uses a classic syllogistic structure: a universal generalisation plus a specific instance leading to a necessity claim. This structure guarantees the conclusion whenever the premises are accepted as true.
Option B:
Option B is inductive because it generalises from sample data to a broader population with only probable support.
Option C:
Option C is a weak inductive prediction based on a single previous observation and does not claim necessity.
Option D:
Option D overgeneralises from one case and therefore is inductive and also fallacious, not deductive.
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