UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C and E all describe accepted forms and benefits of triangulation. Researchers may combine different data sources, methods and investigators to cross-check evidence, and this typically enhances the credibility and robustness of results. Statement D is false because theory triangulation involves considering multiple theoretical perspectives, not ignoring them. Hence, the correct combination includes A, B, C and E and excludes D.

Option A:
Option A includes A, B and C but omits E, failing to mention explicitly that the main purpose of triangulation is to strengthen credibility and confidence in findings. Without E, the rationale for using triangulation remains incomplete.

Option B:
Option B contains B, C and E but leaves out A, so it does not refer to data triangulation, which is an important dimension involving varied data sources. This absence means the option does not capture all key forms of triangulation.

Option C:
Option C is correct because it assembles the three main forms of triangulation mentioned and links them with the overarching purpose of improving credibility. It rightly excludes D, which misinterprets theory triangulation as ignoring alternative perspectives.

Option D:
Option D includes A, C and E but omits B, overlooking method triangulation, which is commonly used when combining, for example, interviews and questionnaires. Without B, the picture of triangulation types is incomplete.

Statements D and E are wrong because observation can certainly be combined with interviews and documents in mixed-methods or triangulated designs, and ethical principles apply strongly to observation, especially regarding privacy. Statements A, B and C correctly distinguish participant, non-participant and structured observation. Thus, the only correct answer is the option that lists D and E as the wrong statements.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it isolates D alone as wrong and overlooks E, which mistakenly claims that ethics are irrelevant in observation. Both D and E contradict accepted research practice.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it identifies exactly those statements that conflict with methodological and ethical guidance, while affirming A, B and C as accurate descriptions of observation types.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it also treats C as incorrect, even though structured observation does rely on predefined categories and checklists. Misclassifying C undermines understanding of structured approaches.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it labels B, which correctly defines non-participant observation, as wrong along with D and E. This misrepresents a basic distinction in observational roles.