UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Upadhi is introduced to explain why an apparently universal relation between hetu and sadhya fails in some cases by revealing an unnoticed limiting condition. For example, the connection between smoke and fire holds only when certain conditions about fuel and ignition are met. Recognising the upadhi refines the vyapti so that it becomes genuinely exceptionless. Thus the restricting factor described in the stem is called upadhi.

Option A:
Option A is correct because upadhi literally means "subsidiary condition" and functions as a qualifier that saves genuine universals from overgeneralisation. It shows that the true vyapti is conditional upon the presence of this factor.

Option B:
Option B, udaharana, is the statement of rule with example and does not itself serve as a hidden constraint on the relation.

Option C:
Option C, paksha dharma, refers simply to a property present in the paksha and is not the special condition that limits the domain of a universal connection.

Option D:
Option D, samsaya, denotes doubt as a mental state and plays a role in prompting inquiry, not in technically restricting the scope of vyapti.