UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, D and E are correct as they describe contamination pathways, the importance of safe sludge and wastewater management, the effectiveness of handwashing and the role of school facilities, especially for girls. Statement C is wrong because toilets without use, cleaning and maintenance do not remove disease risks, and F is wrong since poor solid waste management contributes to vector breeding and environmental contamination. Therefore, the correct combination includes A, B, D and E and excludes C and F.

Option A:
Option A is correct since it brings together all key links between sanitation, health and education outcomes, while leaving out statements that oversimplify solutions or deny environmental health connections. It reflects the integrated WASH perspective promoted in this unit.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits E and fails to recognise how school facilities affect attendance and dignity. Without E, the answer underplays the gendered and educational dimensions of sanitation.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect as it includes C, which wrongly claims that infrastructure alone guarantees disease elimination. Including C ignores the importance of behaviour change, operations and maintenance for sustained health gains.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it accepts F, which denies links between solid waste and environmental health, and excludes A. This combination both removes a fundamental contamination pathway and accepts a false statement.