UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, C, E and F are correct and together explain the purpose, methods and limitations of CBA. It compares monetised costs and benefits, uses valuation techniques, assesses net benefits and can be complemented by distributional analysis, while decision-makers often consider additional criteria such as ethics or ecological thresholds. Statement D is false because CBA cannot fully capture all ethical, distributional and ecological aspects by itself. The correct combination is therefore A, B, C, E and F only.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it acknowledges both the usefulness and limitations of CBA and recognises the need for complementary analyses and criteria in environmental decision-making.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits F and thus ignores how CBA results are actually used alongside other considerations in practice.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect since it excludes A and therefore does not explicitly state that CBA monetises costs and benefits.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect as it leaves out B, ignoring environmental valuation methods important for non-market goods.

Statements A, B, C and E identify the major sections usually expected in a research proposal. A is correct because a proposal must explain the background and rationale for the study, and B is accurate in noting that clear objectives or questions guide all subsequent decisions. Statement C is true since the proposal must spell out methodology and tools, while E is also true because many formal proposals require a time schedule and budget. Statements D and F are false: ethical issues are typically addressed and proposals are often scrutinised by supervisors, committees or funding agencies.

Option A:
Option A is correct as it selects A, B, C and E, which together reflect the core structure of a research proposal. It intentionally excludes D and F, which wrongly suggest that ethics are ignored and that proposals are not subject to review. This combination therefore contains all and only the true statements given.

Option B:
Option B leaves out statement E, ignoring the fact that proposals, especially in funded research, often include realistic schedules and budget details. Although A, B and C are correct, omitting E makes the set incomplete and not fully representative of standard proposal practice.

Option C:
Option C wrongly includes statement D, which claims that ethical considerations are never mentioned. Modern research standards require explicit discussion of ethics in proposals, so combining D with correct statements produces a flawed option.

Option D:
Option D omits statement A and includes F, which incorrectly suggests proposals are never scrutinised by others. By dropping a true statement about background and rationale and adding a false claim about the proposal’s audience, this combination becomes inconsistent with good research practice.

Statements A, B, C and E together describe the standard components of a research proposal. A proposal normally states the problem and background, sets out objectives or hypotheses, explains sampling and procedures in the methodology and includes a targeted review of literature to justify the work. Statement D is false because ethical issues are especially important when human participants are involved and should be explicitly addressed. Thus, the only correct combination is the one that includes A, B, C and E and excludes D.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits statement E, which recognises the important role of literature review in situating the proposed study. Without E, the proposal appears disconnected from previous work, so this combination does not cover all the correct elements.

Option B:
Option B includes B, C and E but leaves out A, thereby failing to mention the need for a clear problem statement and background. Since a well-defined problem is a core feature of any proposal, the omission of A prevents this option from being correct.

Option C:
Option C contains A, C and E but omits B, ignoring the statement that objectives, questions or hypotheses should be outlined. Without B, the proposal lacks clearly articulated aims, so the combination is incomplete.

Option D:
Option D is correct because it assembles all true statements and leaves out D, which wrongly implies that ethical considerations can be ignored in proposals involving human participants. It aligns with standard expectations from funding agencies and ethics committees.