Mitigation refers to measures taken in advance to reduce the potential adverse impacts of hazards by limiting exposure or vulnerability. Structural interventions like embankments and stronger buildings are classic mitigation tools. The stem lists exactly such measures,so disaster risk mitigation is the correct concept. Therefore Option D is appropriate.
Option A:
Response involves immediate actions during or right after a disaster (rescue,relief),not advance structural measures.
Option B:
Recovery focuses on restoring services and livelihoods after a disaster,not on pre event strengthening.
Option C:
Preparedness includes planning,training and drills; it is about readiness rather than structural risk reduction measures like retrofitting.
Option D:
Mitigation reduces risk before hazards occur through measures such as embankments,shelters and retrofitting,exactly as described in the stem.
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