UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Ecological modernisation theory suggests that advanced economies can restructure production and consumption to become more resource efficient and less polluting. It emphasises the role of innovation,regulation and market incentives in achieving “ecological rationality.” The stem directly refers to aligning growth with environmental protection through technology and institutions,which is the core claim of ecological modernisation. Thus Option B is correct.

Option A:
Industrial modernisation would simply imply upgrading industrial capacity and infrastructure. It does not necessarily incorporate environmental goals or ecological efficiency as central aims. Therefore it does not match the specific perspective described.

Option B:
Ecological modernisation recognises that environmental protection can become a source of competitive advantage and new industries. It moves beyond the idea that ecology and economy are always in conflict. These ideas correspond closely to the stem.

Option C:
Demographic modernisation would focus on population changes such as fertility decline and urbanisation. While these interact with environment,they are not the main concern of the theory mentioned in the question.

Option D:
Fiscal modernisation concerns reforming tax systems and public finances. Some proposals for green taxes can be part of ecological modernisation,but fiscal modernisation alone does not capture the full theoretical framework.