UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

Statements A, B, D and E correctly present e-governance portals as digital interfaces for services, transparency and secure transactions, while C and F overstate limitations. Offline and assisted modes can coexist with portals to reach citizens without digital access. Many systems also offer multilingual interfaces through localisation. Thus, the statements highlighting online services, transparency, digital payments and security, namely A, B, D and E, form the correct set.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it omits statement D about integration with digital payment systems, which is a common e-governance feature for enabling cashless transactions. Since the question asks for all correct statements, this combination is incomplete.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it combines the four statements that accurately describe e-governance capabilities and requirements. By excluding C and F, it rejects the notions that portals must exclude digitally marginalised citizens or be monolingual.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it includes C, which claims that e-governance necessarily excludes those without connectivity or skills. In practice, governments often use facilitation centres or blended models to reduce such exclusion.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it contains F, which states that localisation is impossible. Many e-governance systems are deliberately designed to support multiple languages, so any set that accepts F cannot be correct.

Statement C is the only wrong statement because even with digital payment systems, robust cybersecurity measures remain essential. UPI does support instant mobile-based transfers, digital wallets store card details or balances and PoS terminals accept card and mobile payments, so A, B and D are correct. Cyberattacks, fraud and phishing continue to be threats, so it is misleading to say that cybersecurity is no longer needed. Hence the option that selects only C as wrong is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incorrect because it treats both A and C as wrong statements. Statement A is accurate and describes a core feature of UPI as used in India. Grouping a true statement with a false one makes this combination invalid.

Option B:
Option B is correct because it isolates C as the single wrong statement and implicitly accepts A, B and D as correct. It reflects the reality that digital payment systems still require encryption, authentication and user awareness for safe use.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it considers both C and D as wrong. While C is false, D correctly recognises that PoS terminals support card and mobile-based payments. Including a true statement in the wrong set makes the option unacceptable.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it takes B and C as wrong statements. B is true since digital wallets commonly store card details or balances for easy transactions. Combining this true statement with the false claim in C produces a logically inconsistent option.

Statements A, B, D, E and F express the goals and mechanisms of e-governance, while C is too absolute. Portals and grievance systems support online access, while digital payments and multi-channel delivery increase convenience and inclusivity. Publishing clear information enhances transparency and can reduce opportunities for informal payments. Offline and assisted modes are often maintained to support those without Internet access, so C must be excluded.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it covers online services, complaint systems, payments, multi-channel arrangements and transparency in one coherent combination. It rejects the idea that e-governance automatically excludes citizens without connectivity, reflecting inclusive design principles.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect because it omits F, thus failing to mention the transparency gains from publishing procedures and status details. A, B, D and E are true, but leaving out F underplays the anti-corruption potential of e-governance.

Option C:
Option C is incorrect because it leaves out A and adds C. Excluding A ignores a central function of portals, and accepting C would mean endorsing complete exclusion of offline users, which is not a recommended practice.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it omits B and includes only A, D, E and F. Without B, there is no reference to electronic grievance handling, which is a key e-governance service area, so the set is incomplete.