UGC NET Questions (Paper – 1)

In implementing the Kunming–Montreal Framework, parties have converged on the need to mobilise about USD 200 billion annually for biodiversity by 2030. A part of this is to come from international flows to developing countries, with commitments to scale support from roughly USD 20 billion a year by 2025 to around USD 30 billion by 2030. This level of finance is considered necessary to meet targets such as the “30×30” goal and restoration of degraded ecosystems. The figure also reflects efforts to integrate biodiversity into broader public and private financial systems. (AP News)

Option A:
This amount is too low and does not reflect the scale of ambition in the current biodiversity finance discussions. It understates what is considered necessary for implementing global targets, especially in developing countries.

Option B:
This option exaggerates the focus on high-income countries as recipients and misstates the scale of funding. In reality, a substantial share of new resources is intended for developing countries where biodiversity is richest and capacity gaps are larger.

Option C:
Linking a figure of USD 100 billion solely to climate projects confuses biodiversity finance with climate finance under the UNFCCC. Although there are overlaps, the Kunming–Montreal Framework requires dedicated biodiversity resources, not just climate-labelled funding.

Option D:
This option is correct because it matches the order of magnitude and structure of the finance package discussed in recent COP16-related negotiations. It notes both the overall annual target (around USD 200 billion) and the specific rising commitments to developing countries, which are central for equity.