Nyaya pramana classification – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, D and E accurately state Nyaya’s four pramāṇas and their exam relevance, while C is false. Classical Nyaya recognises pratyakṣa, anumāna, upamāna and śabda as pramāṇas, and reserves arthāpatti and anupalabdhi mainly for other schools such as Mīmāṃsā and Advaita Vedānta. Śabda is indeed reliable testimony, and UGC NET questions often ask candidates to recall this list. Thus A, B, D, E only comprises the correct set of statements.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it omits E, failing to link this doctrinal point directly to UGC NET question patterns. A, B, D only therefore does not fully address the exam focus of the stem.

Option B:
Option B is correct since it includes all true claims and excludes C, which wrongly extends Nyaya’s list of pramāṇas. This option reflects standard Indian logic textbooks used for UGC NET preparation.

Option C:
Option C is wrong as it leaves out A, losing the explicit enumeration of Nyaya’s four pramāṇas, and thus B, D, E only presents an incomplete picture of the system.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it includes C along with A, B and D, wrongly suggesting that Nyaya adds arthāpatti and anupalabdhi as separate pramāṇas. A, B, C, D only therefore mixes a false claim with true ones.