Perception types in Nyaya – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C and E correctly summarise Nyaya’s account of perception and its exam relevance. Illusion is not treated as a separate pramāṇa in Nyaya; rather, it is an erroneous cognition analysed within its theory of error, so D is false. Statement F is also false since many schools explicitly discuss perceptual error and its explanations. Therefore the correct combination of true statements is A, B, C and E only.

Option A:
Option A is correct because it brings together the core Nyaya claims about perception, distinguishes determinate and indeterminate types and notes that UGC NET may test these distinctions. It rightly excludes D and F, which misrepresent Nyaya and other Indian views on error and pramāṇa classification.

Option B:
Option B is incorrect as it accepts D, wrongly elevating illusion to an independent source of valid knowledge. In Nyaya, illusory cognition is not pramāṇa because it does not yield truth. Including D makes this option inaccurate.

Option C:
Option C is wrong because it omits A and includes F, thereby losing the definition of pratyakṣa as direct sense contact and adding the false claim that all schools deny perceptual error. This creates a distorted picture of Indian epistemology.

Option D:
Option D is also incorrect since it adds F and omits B, dropping the account of savikalpa perception and endorsing a false universal denial of error. For these reasons, it does not present the full set of correct statements.