Rating scales and rater errors – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C and E are correct because rating scales can measure attitudes or performance, halo effect reflects spill-over of overall impressions, leniency/severity errors indicate consistent over- or under-rating and training with clear criteria can improve reliability. Statement D is false as avoiding rater training is likely to increase bias rather than reduce it. Thus, the combination that includes A, B, C and E and excludes D is correct.

Option A:
Option A is incomplete because it leaves out E, ignoring the important role of clear criteria and training in improving rating quality. Without E, strategies for reducing errors remain underemphasised.

Option B:
Option B is wrong because it omits A and includes only B, C and E. While those three are true, leaving out A fails to mention the broad applicability of rating scales to attitudes, behaviours or performance.

Option C:
Option C is correct as it gathers all four accurate statements about what rating scales can assess, the nature of halo and leniency/severity errors and the value of training and criteria. It appropriately rejects D, which wrongly discourages rater training.

Option D:
Option D is incorrect because it treats D as acceptable by including it in the combination and omits B and C, thus downplaying well-established rater errors. Including D means endorsing a practice that would likely increase bias.