Triangulation and mixed methods research – UGC NET Question

Statements A, B, C and E provide a correct understanding of triangulation and mixed-methods research, whereas statement D is wrong. Statement A is true because triangulation involves using multiple methods, sources, investigators or theories to study the same phenomenon. Statement B is correct as triangulation is often used to enhance credibility and validity by cross-checking findings, and statement C accurately defines mixed-methods research as combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Statement E is also true because mixed-methods designs may implement qualitative and quantitative phases either sequentially or concurrently, while statement D is false since triangulation is not restricted to quantitative experiments and is widely used in qualitative and mixed-methods studies as well.

Option A:
Option A groups A, B and C, all of which are correct, but leaves out E. By omitting E, it does not fully reflect how mixed-methods studies can organise qualitative and quantitative phases over time. Since E is also a true statement, this combination is incomplete and cannot be the correct answer.

Option B:
Option B includes B, C and E but omits A. Although B, C and E are true, leaving out A ignores the general definitional statement that triangulation uses multiple methods, sources or investigators. Because the complete set of correct statements must contain A as well, this option is inadequate.

Option C:
Option C correctly lists A, B, C and E and excludes D, which is false. It captures the meaning and purpose of triangulation, the nature of mixed-methods research and the possible sequencing of qualitative and quantitative components. Since it contains all and only the true statements, this option is the best answer.

Option D:
Option D combines A, C, D and E and thereby includes D, which incorrectly restricts triangulation to quantitative experimental designs. Triangulation is widely used outside experimental settings, particularly in qualitative and mixed-methods studies. The inclusion of a false statement invalidates this combination.