Vyāpti is the backbone of inference because it guarantees that wherever the hetu is present under relevant conditions, the sādhya is also present. It is not just a chance association in one example but an invariable relation established through observation of sapakṣa and vipakṣa cases and often supported by tarka. When smoke is known to be invariably associated with fire, we can reliably infer fire from smoke. Thus, vyāpti expresses a law like regularity between middle and major terms.
Option A:
Option A is too weak; a single example cannot establish invariable concomitance and may be accidental. Vyāpti requires a stable pattern across many appropriate instances.
Option B:
Option B describes a psychological state of certainty, which may or may not be justified; vyāpti is an objective relation, not merely a feeling in the reasoner’s mind.
Option C:
Option C correctly defines vyāpti as the invariable concomitance of hetu and sādhya across suitable cases, which is exactly what supports sound inference.
Option D:
Option D reduces vyāpti to a mere verbal assertion of the thesis; simply stating a claim does not amount to establishing the necessary connection between reason and probandum.
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