Deductive reasoning proceeds from the general to the specific. In research, it usually starts with an existing theory or general principle and then derives specific hypotheses that can be tested empirically, allowing researchers to check whether observations support or contradict theoretical expectations.
Option A:
This option correctly describes deduction as starting with a general theoretical framework and narrowing down to specific statements about what should be observed. It reflects the classic sequence used in many quantitative studies.
Option B:
This option illustrates inductive reasoning, where patterns and theories emerge from specific observations; the researcher builds generalizations after examining particular classroom situations.
Option C:
Option C is another example of induction. Generating categories from interview transcripts without prior assumptions involves moving from detailed qualitative data to broader concepts or themes.
Option D:
Option D also reflects an inductive, exploratory approach in which the researcher enters the field without a guiding theory and allows patterns to emerge from the data, rather than deriving specifics from a prior general principle.
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