Nyāya defines pratyakṣa as non erroneous, non verbal cognition arising from the conjunction of sense organ, object and mind. The emphasis is on immediacy (it is not mediated by another pramāṇa) and on freedom from defects that would generate illusion or doubt. This causal structure and non erroneous character are central to Nyāya’s lakṣaṇa of valid perception.
Option A:
Option A is incorrect because perception need not be verbalised at the moment it occurs; mental awareness can arise before any linguistic formulation.
Option B:
Option B correctly highlights both the causal requirement of proper contact and the epistemic requirement of being non erroneous, matching Nyāya’s account of valid perception.
Option C:
Option C mistakenly restricts perception to universals; Nyāya allows perception of particulars as well, especially in the early stage of cognition.
Option D:
Option D makes perception dependent on inference, reversing Nyāya’s view that perception is an independent and often primary pramāṇa.
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