Ethical research practice requires acknowledging the intellectual contributions of others, regardless of whether material is accessed in print or online. Digital tools can help track references, check similarity and manage citations, but they do not replace the researcher’s responsibility. Quoted material must be clearly indicated and kept within reasonable limits, with the main argument reflecting original analysis. This approach respects copyright, academic norms and the integrity of the scholarly record.
Option A:
This option correctly integrates the use of ICT tools with human judgement. Plagiarism software can highlight overlaps, but researchers must decide what constitutes fair use and paraphrase appropriately. Transparent citation allows others to verify claims and trace ideas.
Option B:
Copying without acknowledgement is plagiarism, even if the source is open access or freely available. Ethical norms focus on honesty about authorship, not on the cost or accessibility of resources.
Option C:
Intentionally altering digital images or data to fit a hypothesis is scientific misconduct. ICT tools make such manipulation easier, which increases the responsibility to document methods and preserve raw data.
Option D:
Simultaneous submission violates many journals’ policies and can waste editorial resources. ICT makes it easier to submit to multiple venues, so researchers must be careful to follow ethical guidelines on exclusivity.
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